According to Roxana Carare, MD PhD, at the University of Southampton, apolipoprotein J (also called clusterin) is being investigated for its role in chaperoning Amyloid Beta for brain waste clearance along the intramural periarterial pathway (IPAD). A second approach to improving amyloid beta clearance is via the cholinergic and aginergic innervation of the smooth cells in blood vessel walls. Clearance of Amyloid Beta might also be improved by improving the functioning of mitochondria in the smooth muscles cells of cerebral blood vessels.